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Vol. 66 · No. 3
rates were limited by the melt out of bedrock. Since
2006, the glacier area is restricted to the depressions
of the upper cirques and both melt rates and areal
retreat is again comparable to the other glaciers.
The main topographic features and the glacier
areas and ice volumes are given in tables 2 and 3.
4.3 Correlation of climate and glacier changes
The geodetic mass balances were related to
mean summer temperatures and winter precipita-
tion of the respective periods. These correlations
are depicted in gure 10, the numerical values are
given in tables 4–7.
A clear dependence of the mass balance on
summer temperature (Fig. 10, upper graphs) is vis-
ible in most cases and conrmed by coefcients of
variation between 0.34 and 0.66. Only for Blaueis,
the coefcient of determination is very low (0.04).
This is caused by three data points (see table 7):
the strong negative mass balance of -68 cm w.e./a
between 1924 and 1949 cannot be explained by
summer temperatures which were 0.1 °C below the
baseline mean. This also holds for the equally strong
mass losses in the 1980s, when summer tempera-
tures were 0.3 °C above baseline mean, which is still
a cold period compared to the ones that follow. The
positive mass balances in the 1970s are hard to relate
to the temperature anomaly of -0.2 °C, especially
0
20
40
60
120
80
100
1880
Area (ha)
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010
?
Nördlicher Schneeferner
Südlicher Schneeferner
Höllentalferner
Blaueis
Watzmanngletscher
Fig. 8: Area changes of Bavarian glaciers 1889–2009
-100
-50
0
50
100
1890
mean glacier mass balance (mm w.e.)
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2010
Nördlicher
Schneeferner
Südlicher
Schneeferner
Höllentalferner
Blaueis
Watzmanngletscher
Fig. 9: Geodetically derived mass balance changes of the
Bavarian glaciers. A mean density of 0.9 g/cm³ was as-
sumed to transfer volume changes into water equivalents.
Values are annual means between two geodetic surveys.
Note that the balanced state of Blaueis between 1889 and
1924 (+2 mm/a) is hardly visible
Table 2: Location, area and main topographic features of the Bavarian glaciers
Nördlicher
Schneeferner
Südlicher
Schneeferner
Höllentalferner Blaueis
Watzmann-
gletscher
latitude (N) 47° 24.8‘ 47° 24.0‘ 47° 25.4‘ 47° 34.3‘ 47° 33.3‘
longitude (E) 10° 58.4‘ 10° 58.4‘ 10° 59.5‘ 12° 52.0‘ 12° 55.8‘
year of survey 2009 2009 2010 2009 2009
area (ha) 27.8 4.8 22.3 7.5 5.6
max. elev. (m a.s.l.) 2792 2665 2564 2368 2119
min. elev. (m a.s.l.) 2556 2557 2203 1937 1998
mean elev. (m a.s.l.) 2628 2592 2356 2163 2034
historical glacier
extents
ha (year)
30.7 (2006) 8.4 (2006) 24.7 (2006) 11.0 (2006) 10.1 (2006)
36.0 (1999) 11.6 (1999) 25.7 (1999) – –
33.5 (1990) 12.3 (1990) 29.8 (1989) 12.3 (1989) 18.1 (1989)
40.9 (1979) 31.4 (1979) 30.2 (1981) 16.4 (1980) 24.0 (1980)
39.7 (1969) 20.5 (1971) 26.7 (1970) 12.6 (1970) 17.7 (1970)
36.4 (1959) 19.4 (1959) 25.7 (1959) 13.1 (1959) 10.0 (1959)
37.9 (1949) 27.0 (1949) 27.1 (1950) 15.2 (1949) –
– – – 20.2 (1924) –
103.6 (1892) 85.5 (1892) – 16.4 (1889) 27.9 (1897)
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