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Vol. 66

No. 2

121–142

2012

DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2012.02.03 http://www.erdkunde.uni-bonn.de

ISSN 0014-0015

CLIMATE AND GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS IN THE BAVARIAN ALPS

IN THE PAST 120 YEARS

Wilfried Hagg, CHristopH Mayer, elisabetH Mayr and aCHiM Heilig

With 12 gures, 7 tables and 5 maps (appendix I–V)

Received 04. July 2011· Accepted 23. April 2012

Summary: Five small glaciers in the Bavarian Alps have been surveyed repeatedly since the late 19th century. This enables

the calculation of geodetic glacier mass balances, which are known to be key indicators for climate uctuations. In this paper,

the record is extended by the analysis of additional historical maps and by a new survey of the glacier surfaces in 2009/2010.

After the 1960s and 1970s, when positive mass balances could be observed, the glaciers experienced severe mass losses,

which is consistent with observations from the vast majority of mountain glaciers worldwide. Although the glaciers show

individual behaviour which can be explained by topographic peculiarities, the overall trend is an intensied surface lowering

during the past decades. To identify the local causes and triggers, homogenized climate data from stations near the glaciers

have been analyzed. All records show an extensive warming in summer, but no increase over the altitudinal gradient. Winter

precipitation shows little variation on a decadal time scale and reveals no signicant trends over time. An analysis of snow

height and winter precipitation measurements at Zugspitze proved that the precipitation measurements are not capable to

explain glacier behaviour due to gauge undercatch and redistribution of snow by wind. Correlations between geodetically

derived glacier mass balances and mean seasonal meteorological conditions indicate that mass losses are mainly caused by

increased summer air temperatures. However, mean seasonal values cannot take into account uctuations of the temporary

snow line, which are crucial for the mass balance of small glaciers and which can only be considered using a daily time-step

model.

Zusammenfassung: Die fünf existierenden Gletscher in den Bayerischen Alpen wurden seit dem späten 19. Jahrhundert

wiederholt vermessen. Dies ermöglicht es, die Gletschermassenbilanz mit der geodätischen Methode zu bestimmen. In

dieser Arbeit wird die bestehende Messreihe durch die Auswertung bisher unberücksichtigter historischer Karten sowie

durch eine Neuvermessung der Gletscher in den Jahren 2009/2010 verlängert. Nach den 1960er und 1970er Jahren, als

zuletzt positive Massenbilanzen registriert wurden, erfuhren die Bayerischen Gletscher deutliche Massenverluste, was sich

mit der Mehrzahl der weltweiten Beobachtungen an Gebirgsgletschern deckt. Obwohl die bayerischen Gletscher durchaus

individuell auf Klimaschwankungen reagieren, was zumeist mit lokalen topographischen Bedingungen zu erklären ist, zeigt

der generelle Trend eine Verstärkung des Massenschwunds während der letzten Jahrzehnte. Um die Ursachen der Gletscher-

schwankungen zu identizieren, wurden klimatologische Messreihen von nahe gelegenen Stationen analysiert. Die Daten

zeigen über den Beobachtungszeitraum eine deutliche Erwärmung im Sommer, aber keine signikante Veränderung des

Winterniederschlags. Korrelationsanalysen deuten darauf hin, dass der Massenhaushalt der kleinen Gletscher hauptsäch-

lich von der Lufttemperatur im Sommer gesteuert wird. Ein Vergleich mit Schneehöhenmessungen auf dem Nördlichen

Schneeferner zeigt allerdings, dass Niederschlagsmessungen vom Gipfel der Zugspitze nicht repräsentativ für die Akkumu-

lation auf dem unmittelbar benachbarten Gletscher sind.

Keywords: Climate uctuations, glacier uctuations, Bavarian Alps, geodetic glacier mass balance

1 Introduction

The climate change we are observing at the

moment is not proceeding synchronously over the

whole planet. Magnitude and impact of climate uc-

tuations vary considerably from one region to an-

other. When estimated over a linear trend, the global

mean surface temperatures have increased over the

past 100 years (1906–2005) by 0.74 °C (trenbertH

et al. 2007). Land surfaces have warmed at a faster

rate than oceans. Temperatures in Europe (1901–

2005) have risen by 0.9 °C (updated from Jones and

Moberg 2003), with highest trends in central and

north-eastern Europe and in mountains (böHM et al.

2001). The greater Alpine region reveals a 20

centu-

ry temperature increase of 1.2 °C, the warming since

the late 19

century was twice as much as the mean

for the northern hemisphere (auer et al. 2007).

1 2 3 4 5 6 ... 21 22

Podsumowanie treści

Strona 1 - 1 Introduction

Vol. 66 · No. 2 · 121–1422012DOI: 10.3112/erdkunde.2012.02.03 http://www.erdkunde.uni-bonn.deISSN 0014-0015CLIMATE AND GLACIER FLUCTUATIONS IN THE BA

Strona 2

130Vol. 66 · No. 3rates were limited by the melt out of bedrock. Since 2006, the glacier area is restricted to the depressions of the upper cirques an

Strona 3 - NASA/JPL-Caltech)

131W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012since the same mean temperatures coincide with a nega

Strona 4

132Vol. 66 · No. 3mean winter (10-4) precipitation anomalies to 1961-1990 (%)WatzmanngletscherSüdlicher SchneefernerNördlicher SchneefernerBlaueis-0.5

Strona 5 - 3 Methods

133W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012One should expect that using mean positive de-gree d

Strona 6 - DWD) and

134Vol. 66 · No. 3At Zugspitze, PDDS were calculated for the periods between geodetic surveys and correlated with glacier mass balances. Surprisingly,

Strona 7 - 4 Results and discussion

135W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012ische Zugspitzbahn AG (M. Hurm) and the National Park

Strona 8

136Vol. 66 · No. 3Haggren, H.; Mayer, C.; nuikka, M.; braun, L.; rentsCH, H. and peipe, J. (2008): Processing of old terrestrial pho-tography for ver

Strona 9

137W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012trueba, J. J.G.; Moreno, R. M.; de pison, E. M. and s

Strona 10 - Vol. 66 · No. 3

138Vol. 66 · No. 3AppendicesAppendix I: Contour map of Nördlicher Schneeferner 2009 (after terrestrial laserscanning in September 2009 by C. brei-tung

Strona 11

139W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012Appendix II: Contour map of Südlicher Schneeferner 20

Strona 12

122Vol. 66 · No. 3The most obvious and evident effect of this pro-nounced warming in high mountain environments is the downwasting and retreat of

Strona 13 - *mean value for 1901–1949

140Vol. 66 · No. 3Appendix III: Contour map of Höllentalferner 2010 (after a tachymetric survey in October 2010 by C. mayer, W. hagg and A. lambrecht)

Strona 14 - Acknowledgements

141W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012Appendix IV: Contour map of Blaueis 2009 (after a tac

Strona 15

142Vol. 66 · No. 3Appendix V: Contour map of Watzmanngletscher 2009 (after a tachymetric survey in September 2009 by C. mayer and E. mayr) and histori

Strona 16

123W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012with an equidistance of 10 m from tachymetric

Strona 17

124Vol. 66 · No. 3Fig. 3: Early maps of Watzmanngletscher. a) Detail from the “Topographischer Plan vom Watzmann und Umgebung”, 1:25’000, based on the

Strona 18 - Nördlicher Schneeferner

125W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012provides a very valuable and rare high altitude d

Strona 19 - Südlicher Schneeferner

126Vol. 66 · No. 312.2 °C and 12.4 °C, respectively. The corresponding total winter (10–4) precipitation is 400 mm and 418 mm, respectively.3.2 Deter

Strona 20 - Höllentalferner

127W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012urements. A laser emits a light beam, which is

Strona 21 - Glacier extent

128Vol. 66 · No. 3In almost all cases, warming is more pronounced in summer when compared to the annual mean. The most recent warming since 1976 is le

Strona 22 - Watzmanngletscher

129W. Hagg et al.: Climate and glacier uctuations in the Bavarian Alps in the past 120 years2012the HISTALP project. The Wetterstein belongs to

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